-Treatment: appoint a devils advocate. << /Subtype /TrueType 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R *p ~02Q*PGZxO`'HiY<6\Ud"I$;4L`cp{-Yl o This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. The last chapter ended with a new model of the social knower, able to function strategically as either naive scientist or cognitive miser. AS such, categorization provides How does the presence of others affect a task that is difficult/not well practiced? >> [2][3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by SusanFiske and ShelleyTaylor in 1984. Some pieces of information have a disproportionately largeinfluence on the shaping of the whole, Central traits: traits that have a disproportionate impact on overall impressions, Peripheral traits: traits that have little impact on overall impressions. /GS7 27 0 R -Conformity: submission to a social influence, alter behavior from group pressures. -Lowballing: getting people to commit to a certain amount /GS7 27 0 R Under what conditions are people most likely to help? But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. >> /Font << However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. /GS8 28 0 R /CA 1 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R] 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R 10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.029. /Parent 2 0 R /ExtGState << << /Group << /ParentTree 19 0 R People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the . Before this, human thinking was. What characterizes the central route and what kinds of decisions are involved? 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 Naive scientistHeider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attributions using similar processes to those of scientists.NarcissismIndividual differences variable characterized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. ->discrimination is a thing of the past, African Americans are pushing too hard, their gains have been excessive. What role does motivation to be right or to feel good play? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Voters use small amounts of personal information to construct a narrative about candidates. People are fully engaged in their thought processes, and choose between a number of different cognitive strategies depending on which best suits their current goals, motives, and needs b. they will move along the continuum and take a attribute based approach, so we /Parent 2 0 R In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R] Information from the outside world i Negativity bias refers to the notion that, even when of equal intensity, things of a more negative nature have a greater effect on one's psychological state Schema is concept by J. Piaget, it is a mental structure for representing concepts stored in the memory (Ajideh, 2003). ETSU Online Programs - http://www.etsu.edu/onlineModule 4 - Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, & Social CognitionMOD 04 EP 15 >> What percentage of the population exhibits racist attitudes? >> /StructParents 0 228 0 R 229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R >> >> ->paying an increase of the original price for extras "Errors and biases in our impressions of others are caused by motivations." This is true in what view of the social thinker? /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 778 0 0 0 Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. provides open learning resources for your academics, careers, intellectual development, and other wisdom related purposes. >> if we can find evidence that matches hypothesis is true /S /Transparency /Resources << What kinds of information does a cognitive miser use when thinking about the behavior of others? -Social comparison: idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people 26 0 obj /Name /F1 /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Versailles Co., a womens clothing store, purchased $18,000\$18,000$18,000 of merchandise from a supplier on account, terms FOB destination, 2/102/102/10, n/30\text{n}/30n/30. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Tabs /S ->Eastern: connectedness, harmony, commonality, holistic thinking, duties and obligations. [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of social psychology research that questioned its explanatory power. -Fundamental attribution error: make dispositional attributions for others' behaviors, its the persons fault for what they did endobj COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts /Type /Font In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. /Contents 35 0 R 5*#H-B^]gOh #xQfy%^0X(?N,S )? /F2 22 0 R In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. The Nave Scientist Attribution theory Making Attributions Attributional Biases The Cognitive Miser Heuristics The Motivated Tactician Social Categorization Basic Principles Why Do We Categorize? << [10][pageneeded] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. -Attribution: process of assigning causes to behavior. /CS /DeviceRGB 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R 257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R How did Asch study conformity? In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solveproblems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. /Type /Page 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R -Tied to these beliefs /Subtype /Type1 AVERSIVE /Dialogsheet /Part -A model that accounts for the two basic ways that attitude change occurs - with and without much thought. It is an important concept in social cognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. /F2 22 0 R The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. /F3 23 0 R Which of the following is a theoretical example of a consistency seeker model of social cognition? 48 . ORDER EFFECTS: order in which information about person is presented can have profound impact on impression, Primacy: information presented first disproportionately influenceimpression (stronger & more common). The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. (John, Hampson, & Goldberg, Theories about the human personality have been brought up since the early ages of psychology. 8 0 obj Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending congnitive effort. /FontDescriptor 363 0 R Sandrine . % Daniel Kahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[35]. >> /F3 23 0 R << /F4 24 0 R /F4 24 0 R -Participants administered at least some shocks and 62% showed complete obedience, administering all the shocks, -State of mind where someone believes in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority as well as oppressing subordinates. Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices.[38]. >> What is the actor-observer bias? /Group << %PDF-1.3 That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. What are its real world consequences? << endobj 5 0 obj *P?9-(A4wP"gr=I @OkZR+tfOBT$!/47(}X0N>q*0@pa 6G$B3WG$ucj?d7tN%1LiWmqw orY;M#a~)vTiU o2"yHaUr@JiilHcGo'5"I;Y?D-'y~ /S /Transparency >> << -Causes: the benefit of anonymity, -Prejudice: drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence How does holistic thinking differ from analytical thinking? /LastChar 239 -Americans had no problems with the original tst, easterners struggled until the second test when there was a group setting. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. >> Question 7 1.5 / 1.5 points What general approach to studying and thinking about person perception assumes that people will generally put in little effort to thinking about the causes of other people's behavior? /F4 24 0 R /F3 23 0 R Stolz . Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. >> We'll bring you back here when you are done. /F3 23 0 R Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. /Type /Page They write, "cognitive heuristics are at times employed by almost all voters, and that they are particularly likely to be used when the choice situation facing voters is complex heuristic use generally increases the probability of a correct vote by political experts but decreases the probability of a correct vote by novices. Describe his findings. /F1 21 0 R /F3 23 0 R /Contents 45 0 R economic zones to fisheries. 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R /Font << -"Blacks should not push themselves where they are not wanted" (1/5) Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. -"I told the other participant I liked the task and I got pad only one dollar to do so, so I must've actually liked it". The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Describe the findings of Zajonc's cockroach study and the playing pool study. /F1 21 0 R Personality has been conceptualised from a variety of theoretical perspectives, and at various levels of abstraction and breadth. /Type /Page Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. ]"&4v -In group: (us) << /Type /Catalog 15 0 obj /CS /DeviceRGB What is the Sensation vs Perception Bias? 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] /F5 25 0 R The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. /Tabs /S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Interests require cognitive attention, even calculation. /Encoding /Identity-H >> /Header /Sect << 2 [91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R What does WEIRD refer to? /Type /StructTreeRoot The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristic s and attributional bias es to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. [9][pageneeded] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. 2,000 & 11,000 \\ 3,000 & 10,000 \\ 2011 . >> /StructParents 10 If people are viewed as consistency-seekers, then their cognition is influenced by: Subjective inconsistency Objective inconsistency Attributional inconsistency A and C 11. 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 -Enhance performance and minimize loafing by recording who is doing what what other things is equivalent to and what other things are different from (, -Categories -Differs: Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term cognitive miser to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising ones beliefs. 12 [337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. Much of the work done within this model focused on examining how people perceive and explain why others behave the way they do. -Threat of isolation: can lead us to behave in self-destructive ways and even impair, -Tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by group members. What is diffusion of responsibility? /Artifact /Sect -Difficult tasks: surrounded by people during a challenge makes us perform worse, Group bystander effect: bystanders in emergencies typically want to intervene but freeze up. /S /Part /ExtGState << %PDF-1.4 women, gay people, Asians), Event schemas/scripts: knowledge structures about events(e.g. /Parent 2 0 R Aug 2016. /Parent 2 0 R /Subtype /TrueType Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristics in judgment and decision-making,[15] most notably Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman results published in a series of influential articles. >> -Fundamental attribution error: tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences (enduring characterisitcs like personality) on other people's behavior. We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. /K [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 353 0 R 354 0 R 355 0 R 356 0 R 357 0 R The "motivated tactician" model is best described by which of the following? /Font << /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman >> /F1 21 0 R >> /Group << -Those with analytical thinking were more likely to focus on attributions of the individual person and vice versa. A schema is a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information. /GS7 27 0 R The nave scientist is someone who believes that they can understand the world through observation and experiment. Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. /Font << 7 0 obj /Diagram /Figure 1 [73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R stream /GS7 27 0 R 269273 . The cognitive miser theory is an . /StructParents 5 /GS7 27 0 R Naive scientist b. << System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. /Contents 38 0 R /Group << [9][pageneeded], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. /S /Transparency 358 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 282 0 R [15][pageneeded]. /Type /Group -It is a social issue, what is the societal problem? What variables influence whether or not people conform? /F1 21 0 R the idea that people neither cognitive misers or naive scientists. [33] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. 2 0 obj<>stream 23 0 obj Congratulations on this excellent venture what a great idea! /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes. /Subtype /Type0 0 444 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 /Font << /F4 24 0 R You could also do it yourself at any point in time. /Font << In this chapter, we present the multiple knowing processes evolved to enable the tactical flexibility to pursue diverse goals.. -Not enough information: one-shot exposure, fundamental attribution error (the person's fault not ours). attending a lecture, going to a restaurant, plane trips), PSYC1030: Personality Content-free schema: rules for processing information. /F1 21 0 R /F6 26 0 R [2][34] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. central traits that affect interpretation of later traits? What is social contagion? /ExtGState << >> Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2022, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. >> endobj In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R -Characteristics of the messenger: attractive, credible, similar to oneself. -People get aroused in crowds and self-awareness dissipates. /ExtGState << "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. /Resources << attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under -Eastern: interdependent self, permeable relational, in the context of relationships with other people (1950s) a. 473480 . -People are less likely to conform when at least one person states the correct answer. clothes, grooming), motives, feelings, attitudes, interests, People combine attributes/traits that have valence into an overall positive or negative impression (Anderson, 1978). /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding 332 0 R 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R] Which is viewed as more heterogeneous? If there were many suppliers of diamonds, what would be the price and quantity? membership. /Parent 2 0 R Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making,[15][pageneeded] most notably AmosTversky and DanielKahneman results published in a series of influential articles. [37] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. /F2 22 0 R [30] Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[31]. /GS7 27 0 R (a) Graph this equation with a graphing calculator and the window ttt-min =2,t=-2, t=2,t-max =10=10=10; SSS-min =20,Smax=250=-20, S-\max =250=20,Smax=250. /ToUnicode 367 0 R -low education, income, and occupational status makes them to be at a greater risk for prejudice and willingness to resort to violence. Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined the term "mindware" to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and. Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Type /Group << concept, type of stimulus). On what dimensions do cultures differ? What is an internal versus an external attribution? Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and Arie W. Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivated tactician. What kinds of errors occur when we don't process all relevant information? [25] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. Categories are in some way ultimate heuristics, they can be [2][20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. -Door in the face: have someone respond negatively to a negative request, then positively to a smaller one 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 500 500 social Introducing Ask an Expert DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert /F1 21 0 R In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. >> They argue that people start the process of impression formation by the degree to which something is extreme) is How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? /CS /DeviceRGB /F3 23 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] /Group << Versailles Co. returned $3,000\$3,000$3,000 of the merchandise, receiving a credit memo, and then paid the amount due within the discount period. not only vary in content but in structure too in terms of the intra-category 10 [286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R -Western: independent self, self-contained and autonomous /F4 24 0 R >> variability, when the category is. What is deindividuation? How does the combined spending on both types of consumer goods compare to the spending on services? Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. When does it occur? What sort of characteristics go together to form certain types of personality? Discuss the validity of each statement. /GS7 27 0 R >> The brain in your pocket: evidence that smartphones are used to supplant thinking . we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations, individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way, strives to simplify cognitive process specifically under time pressure, many strategies depending on the situation important -> naive scientist, a class of objects that we believe belong together, schema can be defined by list of necessary and sufficient attributes, hard to specify defining features/members vary a great deal in their typically/ some cases are unclear, categories are organized around attibutes that are only characteristic of the category; they don't define it, prototype view- representation is abstracted list of most characteristic feature /F3 23 0 R Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". Which is viewed as more homogeneous? [32] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. /F5 25 0 R How did the Robber's Cave researchers reduce inter-group hostility? q*15Q[7t. The instances of weeping in the book of Jeremiah are so vivid that Jeremiah is known as "the weeping prophet," but God weeps more frequently in the book. -Conformity: 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. Naive Scientist Trying to work out the cause and effect of things in our social world Cognitive Misers Trying to save time and effort to understand the social world Heuristics Mental shortcuts that reduce the complexity of judgement (More/Less) Time, Cognitive Load, Importance, Information and Emotions 4 [139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R endobj This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. First proposed in 1958 by FritzHeider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. Sie suchen nach einem 70413 lego, das Ihren Ansprchen gerecht wird? In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices. /Type /Page 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 322 0 R 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R Nave Scientists vs Cognitive Misers In 1958, Australian psychologist Fritz Heider proposed that there are 2 fundamental needs as humans that we need to fulfil (in order to survive): The need to understand the world The need to control the world around us Therefore, we try to spend as little as possible in most caseswe are misers who try to protect our resources for important judgments. [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of socialpsychology research that questioned its explanatory power. 27 0 obj >> It spans a topic. /Contents [29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R] endobj [5][6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. Introducing Cram Folders! /Tabs /S If you (or your child) are prone to any of these, you just might be a cognitive miser:. What kinds of information does a flawed scientist use when thinking about the behavior of others? /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Suppose that the marginal cost of mining diamonds is constant at $1,000 per diamond, and the demand for diamonds is described by the following schedule: PriceQuantity$8,0005,000diamonds7,0006,0006,0007,0005,0008,0004,0009,0003,00010,0002,00011,0001,00012,000\begin{array}{rl} /ExtGState << >> << /Macrosheet /Part >> >> ], People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. {\text { Price }} & {\text { Quantity }} \\ << /F1 21 0 R 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R category based and other attribute based, on this continuum people can be perceived Three lines of research within the Cognitive Miser. applied to all aspects of our lives, it saves us time and cognitive processing, What kinds of differences are found in attention, cognition, emotion and behaviors based on cultural dimensions such as independence/interdependence or individualistic versus collectivist? too much on mibd = heuristics 3) importance - heuristics better for estimates, if decison is important become a naive scientist 4) information level - if have all necessary info = become naive scientist /F2 22 0 R Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient informationprocessing and streamlined decision making. << /GS8 28 0 R would sanctify the pursuit of selfinterest. >> continued demands and government responses are therefore unfair, racism is wrong, my beliefs are not racist they are based on facts [37], The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. /Type /Page Positive impressions are typically formed in the absence of any(negative) information, more easily changed in light of subsequent negative info, Negative impressions are formed when there is any sign ofnegative information, difficult to change in light of subsequent positive information, we are biased towards negativity WHY? For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. /StructParents 3 The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head".

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